From 90091f2091350657995e407a850d695ef14f89af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brendan Collins <brendancol@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 May 2026 08:29:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] rasterize: honor resolution= exactly when bounds don't
 divide evenly (#2573)

Width and height were computed via ceil(extent / resolution), but output
coords were rebuilt over the original bounds.  Result: bounds=(0,0,1,1)
with resolution=0.3 returned a 4x4 raster with cell size 0.25, not 0.3.

Fix: after resolving final_width / final_height, rebuild final_bounds so
the grid anchors at (xmin, ymax) and extends right / down by exactly
width * x_res / height * y_res.  Matches the rasterio.transform.from_origin
convention.  Existing callers with bounds that divide evenly see no
change because width * x_res == xmax - xmin to float precision.

Tests cover the headline 4x4 / 0.25 regression, the divides-evenly
no-regression case, asymmetric (x_res, y_res) tuples, polygon burning
within the original bounds with the expanded grid, and cross-backend
parity (numpy / cupy / dask+numpy / dask+cupy).
---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  11 +
 xrspatial/rasterize.py                        |  17 ++
 .../test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py   | 200 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 228 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 362705bd3..edcac3084 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,6 +6,17 @@
 
 #### Fixed
 
+- `rasterize(..., resolution=R)` now honors the requested cell size
+  exactly when the bounds don't divide evenly. Previously width and
+  height were computed via `ceil(extent / resolution)` but output coords
+  were rebuilt over the original bounds, so the actual cell size shrank
+  to fit (e.g. `bounds=(0,0,1,1), resolution=0.3` gave a 4x4 raster with
+  cell size 0.25 instead of 0.3). The grid now anchors at `(xmin, ymax)`
+  and extends right / down by `width * x_res` / `height * y_res`,
+  matching `rasterio.transform.from_origin(west, north, x_res, y_res)`.
+  When the bounds already divide evenly the new values equal the
+  originals so existing callers see no change. (#2573)
+
 - `polygonize` now auto-detects the raster's affine transform from
   `attrs['transform']` (xrspatial.geotiff convention) or
   `rio.transform()` (rioxarray) when the caller did not pass an
diff --git a/xrspatial/rasterize.py b/xrspatial/rasterize.py
index 71c2941de..d49e97d06 100644
--- a/xrspatial/rasterize.py
+++ b/xrspatial/rasterize.py
@@ -3046,6 +3046,11 @@ def rasterize(
         Pixel size.  Must be finite and ``> 0``.  When given with
         ``bounds``, computes ``width`` and ``height`` automatically.
         A single float uses the same resolution for both axes.
+        The requested cell size is honored exactly.  When the bounds
+        don't divide evenly by the resolution, the output grid extends
+        past the original ``xmax`` / ``ymin`` (anchored at ``xmin`` /
+        ``ymax``) rather than shrinking the cell to fit.  Matches the
+        ``rasterio.transform.from_origin`` convention.
     like : xr.DataArray, optional
         Template raster.  Width, height, bounds, and dtype are copied
         from this array (any can still be overridden explicitly).
@@ -3222,6 +3227,18 @@ def rasterize(
                     f"resolution must be finite and > 0, got {resolution!r}")
         final_width = max(int(np.ceil((xmax - xmin) / x_res)), 1)
         final_height = max(int(np.ceil((ymax - ymin) / y_res)), 1)
+        # Honor the requested resolution exactly: rebuild final_bounds so
+        # cell size is ``x_res`` / ``y_res`` instead of letting the
+        # rasterizer compute ``(xmax-xmin)/width`` and silently shrink the
+        # pixel to fit non-divisible bounds (issue #2573).  Anchor the
+        # upper-left corner (xmin, ymax) and extend xmax / ymin outward,
+        # matching rasterio's ``from_origin(west, north, x_res, y_res)``
+        # convention.  When bounds already divide evenly, the new values
+        # equal the originals to within float precision so behaviour is
+        # unchanged.
+        xmax = xmin + final_width * x_res
+        ymin = ymax - final_height * y_res
+        final_bounds = (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
     elif like_width is not None:
         final_width, final_height = like_width, like_height
     else:
diff --git a/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py b/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afaf515db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+"""Regression tests for issue #2573.
+
+Before the fix, ``rasterize(..., resolution=R, bounds=B)`` computed
+``width = ceil((xmax-xmin)/R)`` but then rebuilt output coords over the
+*original* bounds, so the actual cell size was ``(xmax-xmin)/width`` --
+smaller than ``R`` whenever the bounds didn't divide evenly.
+
+The contract is now: the requested resolution is honored exactly.  The
+output grid is anchored at ``(xmin, ymax)`` and extends right / down by
+exactly ``width * x_res`` and ``height * y_res``, matching
+``rasterio.transform.from_origin(west, north, x_res, y_res)``.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+try:
+    from shapely.geometry import box
+    has_shapely = True
+except ImportError:
+    has_shapely = False
+
+if has_shapely:
+    from xrspatial.rasterize import rasterize
+
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_shapely, reason="shapely not installed"
+)
+
+try:
+    import cupy
+    has_cupy = True
+except ImportError:
+    has_cupy = False
+
+try:
+    import dask  # noqa: F401
+    has_dask = True
+except ImportError:
+    has_dask = False
+
+try:
+    from numba import cuda
+    has_cuda = has_cupy and cuda.is_available()
+except Exception:
+    has_cuda = False
+
+skip_no_cuda = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_cuda, reason="CUDA / CuPy not available")
+skip_no_dask = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not has_dask, reason="dask not installed")
+
+
+def _cell_size(coords):
+    """Compute the cell pitch from a 1D coord vector (uniform spacing)."""
+    arr = np.asarray(coords)
+    return float(abs(arr[1] - arr[0]))
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Direct regression: the example in the finding (#2573 body).
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestResolutionExactRegression2573:
+    """Pin the exact example from the issue: bounds=(0,0,1,1), resolution=0.3
+    must produce a 4x4 raster whose actual cell size is 0.3, not 0.25."""
+
+    def test_resolution_0p3_over_unit_bounds(self):
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        # ceil(1 / 0.3) = 4
+        assert r.shape == (4, 4)
+        # The bug returned 0.25 here.  Tolerance well under any
+        # plausible regression: any rebuild over original bounds gives
+        # 0.25, and the correct value is 0.3.
+        assert _cell_size(r.x) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        assert _cell_size(r.y) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+
+    def test_resolution_0p3_grid_anchored_at_upper_left(self):
+        """xmin / ymax stay put; the grid extends past the original
+        xmax / ymin to honor the cell size.  rasterio's
+        ``from_origin`` convention."""
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        # First pixel centre is xmin + px/2 = 0 + 0.15 = 0.15.
+        assert float(r.x.values[0]) == pytest.approx(0.15, abs=1e-9)
+        # Last pixel centre is xmin + (width - 0.5) * px = 3.5 * 0.3 = 1.05.
+        assert float(r.x.values[-1]) == pytest.approx(1.05, abs=1e-9)
+        # Top row centre is ymax - py/2 = 1 - 0.15 = 0.85.
+        assert float(r.y.values[0]) == pytest.approx(0.85, abs=1e-9)
+        # Bottom row centre is ymax - (height - 0.5) * py = 1 - 1.05 = -0.05.
+        assert float(r.y.values[-1]) == pytest.approx(-0.05, abs=1e-9)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Contract: resolution is honored exactly for divides-evenly and
+# doesn't-divide-evenly cases alike.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestResolutionHonoredExactly:
+    """The new ``resolution=`` contract: cell size matches the request."""
+
+    def test_divides_evenly_unchanged(self):
+        """bounds=(0,0,5,5), resolution=1.0 still gives a 5x5 raster with
+        cell size 1.0 and original bounds (no overshoot).  This pins the
+        no-regression case for the existing happy path."""
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 5, 5), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=1.0, bounds=(0, 0, 5, 5), fill=0)
+        assert r.shape == (5, 5)
+        assert _cell_size(r.x) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-12)
+        assert _cell_size(r.y) == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-12)
+        # First / last centre lines: original bounds preserved.
+        assert float(r.x.values[0]) == pytest.approx(0.5, abs=1e-12)
+        assert float(r.x.values[-1]) == pytest.approx(4.5, abs=1e-12)
+
+    def test_does_not_divide_evenly_cell_size_exact(self):
+        """The headline case: a resolution that doesn't divide the bounds
+        evenly still gets the requested cell size."""
+        # bounds extent 3.5, resolution 1.5 -> ceil(3.5/1.5) = 3 cells,
+        # grid extends to xmin + 3*1.5 = 4.5 (was 3.5).
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 3, 3), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=1.5, bounds=(0, 0, 3.5, 3.5), fill=0)
+        assert r.shape == (3, 3)
+        assert _cell_size(r.x) == pytest.approx(1.5, abs=1e-12)
+        assert _cell_size(r.y) == pytest.approx(1.5, abs=1e-12)
+
+    def test_asymmetric_resolution_tuple(self):
+        """A (x_res, y_res) tuple with non-divisible bounds still honors
+        both axes exactly."""
+        # x: extent 10, x_res 3 -> ceil(10/3) = 4 cols, x grid extends to 12.
+        # y: extent  8, y_res 3 -> ceil( 8/3) = 3 rows, y grid extends to 9.
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 10, 8), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=(3.0, 3.0),
+                      bounds=(0, 0, 10, 8), fill=0)
+        assert r.shape == (3, 4)
+        assert _cell_size(r.x) == pytest.approx(3.0, abs=1e-12)
+        assert _cell_size(r.y) == pytest.approx(3.0, abs=1e-12)
+
+    def test_burn_value_within_original_bounds_preserved(self):
+        """The expanded grid must still rasterize geometries inside the
+        original bounds correctly.  A unit square at (0,0)-(1,1) under
+        bounds=(0,0,1,1), resolution=0.3 should burn the four cells whose
+        centres fall inside it (the centres at x=0.15, 0.45, 0.75 and
+        y=0.85, 0.55, 0.25 are inside; the cells at x=1.05 and y=-0.05
+        are outside the polygon and stay at fill).
+        """
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        vals = r.values
+        # 3x3 block of burned cells in the top-left, surrounded by fill.
+        assert (vals[:3, :3] == 1.0).all()
+        # Outside-original-bounds cells stay at fill.
+        assert (vals[3, :] == 0.0).all()  # row below original ymin
+        assert (vals[:, 3] == 0.0).all()  # col past original xmax
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Cross-backend parity: the new contract holds on cupy and dask backends
+# too, since the fix lives upstream of backend dispatch.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestResolutionExactAcrossBackends:
+    """The exact-resolution contract holds for every backend."""
+
+    @skip_no_cuda
+    def test_cupy_matches_numpy(self):
+        np_r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                         resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        cp_r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                         resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0,
+                         use_cuda=True)
+        assert cp_r.shape == np_r.shape == (4, 4)
+        assert _cell_size(cp_r.x) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        cp_vals = cupy.asnumpy(cp_r.data)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_r.values, cp_vals)
+
+    @skip_no_dask
+    def test_dask_numpy_matches_numpy(self):
+        np_r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                         resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        dk_r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                         resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0,
+                         chunks=(2, 2))
+        assert dk_r.shape == np_r.shape == (4, 4)
+        assert _cell_size(dk_r.x) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(np_r.values, dk_r.data.compute())
+
+    @skip_no_cuda
+    @skip_no_dask
+    def test_dask_cupy_matches_numpy(self):
+        np_r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                         resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        dkcp_r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                           resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0,
+                           chunks=(2, 2), use_cuda=True)
+        assert dkcp_r.shape == np_r.shape == (4, 4)
+        assert _cell_size(dkcp_r.x) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        np.testing.assert_array_equal(
+            np_r.values, cupy.asnumpy(dkcp_r.data.compute()))

From c7eeacadbc21c0e77e7a3a544d5f0ad5490483fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Brendan Collins <brendancol@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 May 2026 08:33:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Address review nits: add like+resolution,
 inferred-bounds, and get_dataarray_resolution tests (#2573)

Three follow-up tests prompted by /review-pr on #2597:

- TestLikePlusResolutionOvershoot: like= + non-divisible resolution=
  with the like-template bounds at 0..10 and resolution=0.3.  Existing
  test_resolution_override_strips_stale_grid_attrs used resolution=0.5
  which divides evenly, so the overshoot path under like= was unpinned.

- TestInferredBoundsPlusResolution: no explicit bounds= (geometry
  envelope drives final_bounds) plus resolution=0.3.  Pins the
  inferred-bounds branch separately from the explicit-bounds branch.

- test_get_dataarray_resolution_matches_request: asserts the helper
  reads back the requested cell size (0.3, not the pre-fix shrunk
  value 0.25).  Documents the downstream win for slope / aspect /
  proximity callers that prefer the coord-derived cellsize.
---
 .../test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py   | 76 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 76 insertions(+)

diff --git a/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py b/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py
index afaf515db..c51c9f341 100644
--- a/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py
+++ b/xrspatial/tests/test_rasterize_resolution_exact_2573.py
@@ -154,6 +154,82 @@ def test_burn_value_within_original_bounds_preserved(self):
         assert (vals[3, :] == 0.0).all()  # row below original ymin
         assert (vals[:, 3] == 0.0).all()  # col past original xmax
 
+    def test_get_dataarray_resolution_matches_request(self):
+        """Downstream tools that call ``get_dataarray_resolution`` on the
+        result now read back the cell size the caller asked for.  Before
+        the fix this was the shrunk value computed from the original
+        bounds (0.25 for the 4x4 / 0.3 case), which silently poisoned
+        slope / aspect / proximity callers that prefer the coord-derived
+        cellsize."""
+        from xrspatial.utils import get_dataarray_resolution
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=0.3, bounds=(0, 0, 1, 1), fill=0)
+        cx, cy = get_dataarray_resolution(r)
+        assert cx == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        assert cy == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# ``like=`` + ``resolution=`` with a template whose bounds don't divide
+# evenly by the resolution.  The resolution branch runs after the
+# like-bounds resolution, so the fix should still expand the grid.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestLikePlusResolutionOvershoot:
+    """``like=`` + ``resolution=`` with non-divisible like-bounds still
+    honors the requested cell size.  The existing
+    ``test_resolution_override_strips_stale_grid_attrs`` in test_rasterize.py
+    uses ``resolution=0.5`` against a 10x10 template (divides evenly), so
+    the overshoot branch wasn't pinned for the like path."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _template():
+        # 10x10 raster on bounds (0, 0, 10, 10).  Cellsize 1.0.
+        x = np.linspace(0.5, 9.5, 10)
+        y = np.linspace(9.5, 0.5, 10)
+        import xarray as xr
+        return xr.DataArray(
+            np.zeros((10, 10), dtype=np.float64),
+            dims=['y', 'x'],
+            coords={'y': y, 'x': x},
+            attrs={
+                'crs': 'EPSG:32610',
+                'res': (1.0, 1.0),
+                'transform': (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 10.0),
+            },
+        )
+
+    def test_like_plus_non_divisible_resolution_cell_size_exact(self):
+        like = self._template()
+        r = rasterize(
+            [(box(2, 2, 8, 8), 1.0)],
+            like=like, resolution=0.3, fill=0,
+        )
+        # ceil(10 / 0.3) = 34 cells.
+        assert r.shape == (34, 34)
+        assert _cell_size(r.x) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        assert _cell_size(r.y) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Inferred-bounds + resolution: when ``bounds=`` is omitted and resolved
+# from the geometry envelope, ``total_bounds`` is typically non-divisible.
+# The fix should still honor the requested cell size.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class TestInferredBoundsPlusResolution:
+    """No explicit ``bounds=`` plus ``resolution=``: geometry envelope
+    drives final_bounds, then the fix extends it to honor the cell size."""
+
+    def test_inferred_bounds_non_divisible_resolution(self):
+        # Box extent 1.0 in each axis, resolution 0.3 -> ceil(1/0.3) = 4 cells.
+        # No explicit bounds -- inferred from the geom's bbox (0..1).
+        r = rasterize([(box(0, 0, 1, 1), 1.0)],
+                      resolution=0.3, fill=0)
+        assert r.shape == (4, 4)
+        assert _cell_size(r.x) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+        assert _cell_size(r.y) == pytest.approx(0.3, abs=1e-9)
+
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Cross-backend parity: the new contract holds on cupy and dask backends