RestWrite.js

// A RestWrite encapsulates everything we need to run an operation
// that writes to the database.
// This could be either a "create" or an "update".

var SchemaController = require('./Controllers/SchemaController');

const Auth = require('./Auth');
const Utils = require('./Utils');
var cryptoUtils = require('./cryptoUtils');
var passwordCrypto = require('./password');
var Parse = require('parse/node');
var triggers = require('./triggers');
var ClientSDK = require('./ClientSDK');
const util = require('util');
import RestQuery from './RestQuery';
import _ from 'lodash';
import logger from './logger';
import { requiredColumns } from './Controllers/SchemaController';
import { createSanitizedError } from './Error';
import { applyAuthDataOptimisticLock } from './AuthDataLock';
import * as InstallationDedup from './InstallationDedup';

// query and data are both provided in REST API format. So data
// types are encoded by plain old objects.
// If query is null, this is a "create" and the data in data should be
// created.
// Otherwise this is an "update" - the object matching the query
// should get updated with data.
// RestWrite will handle objectId, createdAt, and updatedAt for
// everything. It also knows to use triggers and special modifications
// for the _User class.
function RestWrite(config, auth, className, query, data, originalData, clientSDK, context, action) {
  if (auth.isReadOnly) {
    throw createSanitizedError(
      Parse.Error.OPERATION_FORBIDDEN,
      'Cannot perform a write operation when using readOnlyMasterKey',
      config
    );
  }
  this.config = config;
  this.auth = auth;
  this.className = className;
  this.clientSDK = clientSDK;
  this.storage = {};
  this.runOptions = {};
  this.context = context || {};

  if (action) {
    this.runOptions.action = action;
  }

  if (!query) {
    if (this.config.allowCustomObjectId) {
      if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(data, 'objectId') && !data.objectId) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.MISSING_OBJECT_ID,
          'objectId must not be empty, null or undefined'
        );
      }
    } else {
      if (data.objectId) {
        throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'objectId is an invalid field name.');
      }
      if (data.id) {
        throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'id is an invalid field name.');
      }
    }
  }

  // When the operation is complete, this.response may have several
  // fields.
  // response: the actual data to be returned
  // status: the http status code. if not present, treated like a 200
  // location: the location header. if not present, no location header
  this.response = null;

  // Processing this operation may mutate our data, so we operate on a
  // copy
  this.query = structuredClone(query);
  this.data = structuredClone(data);
  // We never change originalData, so we do not need a deep copy
  this.originalData = originalData;

  // The timestamp we'll use for this whole operation
  this.updatedAt = Parse._encode(new Date()).iso;

  // Shared SchemaController to be reused to reduce the number of loadSchema() calls per request
  // Once set the schemaData should be immutable
  this.validSchemaController = null;
  this.pendingOps = {
    operations: null,
    identifier: null,
  };
}

// A convenient method to perform all the steps of processing the
// write, in order.
// Returns a promise for a {response, status, location} object.
// status and location are optional.
RestWrite.prototype.execute = function () {
  return Promise.resolve()
    .then(() => {
      return this.getUserAndRoleACL();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.validateClientClassCreation();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.handleInstallation();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.handleSession();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.validateAuthData();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.checkRestrictedFields();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.runBeforeSaveTrigger();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.ensureUniqueAuthDataId();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.deleteEmailResetTokenIfNeeded();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.validateSchema();
    })
    .then(schemaController => {
      this.validSchemaController = schemaController;
      return this.setRequiredFieldsIfNeeded();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.validateCreatePermission();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.transformUser();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.expandFilesForExistingObjects();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.destroyDuplicatedSessions();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.runDatabaseOperation();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.createSessionTokenIfNeeded();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.handleFollowup();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.runAfterSaveTrigger();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.cleanUserAuthData();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this.filterProtectedFieldsInResponse();
    })
    .then(() => {
      // Append the authDataResponse if exists
      if (this.authDataResponse) {
        if (this.response && this.response.response) {
          this.response.response.authDataResponse = this.authDataResponse;
        }
      }
      if (this.storage.rejectSignup && this.config.preventSignupWithUnverifiedEmail) {
        throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.EMAIL_NOT_FOUND, 'User email is not verified.');
      }
      return this.response;
    });
};

// Uses the Auth object to get the list of roles, adds the user id
RestWrite.prototype.getUserAndRoleACL = function () {
  if (this.auth.isMaster || this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  this.runOptions.acl = ['*'];

  if (this.auth.user) {
    return this.auth.getUserRoles().then(roles => {
      this.runOptions.acl = this.runOptions.acl.concat(roles, [this.auth.user.id]);
      return;
    });
  } else {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
};

// Validates this operation against the allowClientClassCreation config.
RestWrite.prototype.validateClientClassCreation = function () {
  if (
    this.config.allowClientClassCreation === false &&
    !this.auth.isMaster &&
    !this.auth.isMaintenance &&
    SchemaController.systemClasses.indexOf(this.className) === -1
  ) {
    return this.config.database
      .loadSchema()
      .then(schemaController => schemaController.hasClass(this.className))
      .then(hasClass => {
        if (hasClass !== true) {
          throw createSanitizedError(
            Parse.Error.OPERATION_FORBIDDEN,
            'This user is not allowed to access non-existent class: ' + this.className,
            this.config
          );
        }
      });
  } else {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
};

// Validates this operation against the schema.
RestWrite.prototype.validateSchema = function () {
  return this.config.database.validateObject(
    this.className,
    this.data,
    this.query,
    this.runOptions,
    this.auth.isMaintenance
  );
};

// Runs any beforeSave triggers against this operation.
// Any change leads to our data being mutated.
RestWrite.prototype.runBeforeSaveTrigger = function () {
  if (this.response || this.runOptions.many) {
    return;
  }

  // Avoid doing any setup for triggers if there is no 'beforeSave' trigger for this class.
  if (
    !triggers.triggerExists(this.className, triggers.Types.beforeSave, this.config.applicationId)
  ) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  const { originalObject, updatedObject } = this.buildParseObjects();
  const identifier = updatedObject._getStateIdentifier();
  const stateController = Parse.CoreManager.getObjectStateController();
  const [pending] = stateController.getPendingOps(identifier);
  this.pendingOps = {
    operations: { ...pending },
    identifier,
  };

  return Promise.resolve()
    .then(() => {
      // Before calling the trigger, validate the permissions for the save operation
      let databasePromise = null;
      if (this.query) {
        // Validate for updating
        databasePromise = this.config.database.update(
          this.className,
          this.query,
          this.data,
          this.runOptions,
          true,
          true
        );
      } else {
        // Validate for creating
        databasePromise = this.config.database.create(
          this.className,
          this.data,
          this.runOptions,
          true
        );
      }
      // In the case that there is no permission for the operation, it throws an error
      return databasePromise.then(result => {
        if (!result || result.length <= 0) {
          throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.OBJECT_NOT_FOUND, 'Object not found.');
        }
      });
    })
    .then(() => {
      return triggers.maybeRunTrigger(
        triggers.Types.beforeSave,
        this.auth,
        updatedObject,
        originalObject,
        this.config,
        this.context
      );
    })
    .then(response => {
      if (response && response.object) {
        this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger = _.reduce(
          response.object,
          (result, value, key) => {
            if (!_.isEqual(this.data[key], value)) {
              result.push(key);
            }
            return result;
          },
          []
        );
        this.data = response.object;
        // We should delete the objectId for an update write
        if (this.query && this.query.objectId) {
          delete this.data.objectId;
        }
      }
      try {
        Utils.checkProhibitedKeywords(this.config, this.data);
      } catch (error) {
        throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, `${error}`);
      }
    });
};

RestWrite.prototype.runBeforeLoginTrigger = async function (userData) {
  // Avoid doing any setup for triggers if there is no 'beforeLogin' trigger
  if (
    !triggers.triggerExists(this.className, triggers.Types.beforeLogin, this.config.applicationId)
  ) {
    return;
  }

  // Cloud code gets a bit of extra data for its objects
  const extraData = { className: this.className };

  // Expand file objects
  await this.config.filesController.expandFilesInObject(this.config, userData);

  const user = triggers.inflate(extraData, userData);

  // no need to return a response
  await triggers.maybeRunTrigger(
    triggers.Types.beforeLogin,
    this.auth,
    user,
    null,
    this.config,
    this.context
  );
};

RestWrite.prototype.setRequiredFieldsIfNeeded = function () {
  if (this.data) {
    return this.validSchemaController.getAllClasses().then(allClasses => {
      const schema = allClasses.find(oneClass => oneClass.className === this.className);
      const setRequiredFieldIfNeeded = (fieldName, setDefault) => {
        if (
          this.data[fieldName] === undefined ||
          this.data[fieldName] === null ||
          this.data[fieldName] === '' ||
          (typeof this.data[fieldName] === 'object' && this.data[fieldName].__op === 'Delete')
        ) {
          if (
            setDefault &&
            schema.fields[fieldName] &&
            schema.fields[fieldName].defaultValue !== null &&
            schema.fields[fieldName].defaultValue !== undefined &&
            (this.data[fieldName] === undefined ||
              (typeof this.data[fieldName] === 'object' && this.data[fieldName].__op === 'Delete'))
          ) {
            this.data[fieldName] = schema.fields[fieldName].defaultValue;
            this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger = this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger || [];
            if (this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger.indexOf(fieldName) < 0) {
              this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger.push(fieldName);
            }
          } else if (schema.fields[fieldName] && schema.fields[fieldName].required === true) {
            throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.VALIDATION_ERROR, `${fieldName} is required`);
          }
        }
      };

      // add default ACL (only on CREATE, not UPDATE)
      if (!this.query &&
        schema?.classLevelPermissions?.ACL &&
        !this.data.ACL &&
        JSON.stringify(schema.classLevelPermissions.ACL) !==
          JSON.stringify({ '*': { read: true, write: true } })
      ) {
        const acl = structuredClone(schema.classLevelPermissions.ACL);
        if (acl.currentUser) {
          if (this.auth.user?.id) {
            acl[this.auth.user?.id] = structuredClone(acl.currentUser);
          }
          delete acl.currentUser;
        }
        this.data.ACL = acl;
        this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger = this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger || [];
        this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger.push('ACL');
      }

      // Add default fields
      if (!this.query) {
        // allow customizing createdAt and updatedAt when using maintenance key
        if (
          this.auth.isMaintenance &&
          this.data.createdAt &&
          this.data.createdAt.__type === 'Date'
        ) {
          this.data.createdAt = this.data.createdAt.iso;

          if (this.data.updatedAt && this.data.updatedAt.__type === 'Date') {
            const createdAt = new Date(this.data.createdAt);
            const updatedAt = new Date(this.data.updatedAt.iso);

            if (updatedAt < createdAt) {
              throw new Parse.Error(
                Parse.Error.VALIDATION_ERROR,
                'updatedAt cannot occur before createdAt'
              );
            }

            this.data.updatedAt = this.data.updatedAt.iso;
          }
          // if no updatedAt is provided, set it to createdAt to match default behavior
          else {
            this.data.updatedAt = this.data.createdAt;
          }
        } else {
          this.data.updatedAt = this.updatedAt;
          this.data.createdAt = this.updatedAt;
        }

        // Only assign new objectId if we are creating new object
        if (!this.data.objectId) {
          this.data.objectId = cryptoUtils.newObjectId(this.config.objectIdSize);
        }
        if (schema) {
          Object.keys(schema.fields).forEach(fieldName => {
            setRequiredFieldIfNeeded(fieldName, true);
          });
        }
      } else if (schema) {
        this.data.updatedAt = this.updatedAt;

        Object.keys(this.data).forEach(fieldName => {
          setRequiredFieldIfNeeded(fieldName, false);
        });
      }
    });
  }
  return Promise.resolve();
};

// Transforms auth data for a user object.
// Does nothing if this isn't a user object.
// Returns a promise for when we're done if it can't finish this tick.
RestWrite.prototype.validateAuthData = function () {
  if (this.className !== '_User') {
    return;
  }

  const authData = this.data.authData;
  const hasUsernameAndPassword =
    typeof this.data.username === 'string' && typeof this.data.password === 'string';
  const hasAuthData =
    authData &&
    Object.keys(authData).some(provider => {
      const providerData = authData[provider];
      return providerData && typeof providerData === 'object' && Object.keys(providerData).length;
    });

  if (!this.query && !hasAuthData) {
    if (typeof this.data.username !== 'string' || _.isEmpty(this.data.username)) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.USERNAME_MISSING, 'bad or missing username');
    }
    if (typeof this.data.password !== 'string' || _.isEmpty(this.data.password)) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.PASSWORD_MISSING, 'password is required');
    }
  }

  if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.data, 'authData')) {
    // Nothing to validate here
    return;
  } else if (!this.data.authData) {
    // Handle saving authData to null
    throw new Parse.Error(
      Parse.Error.UNSUPPORTED_SERVICE,
      'This authentication method is unsupported.'
    );
  }

  var providers = Object.keys(authData);
  if (!providers.length) {
    // Empty authData object, nothing to validate
    return;
  }
  const canHandleAuthData = providers.some(provider => {
    const providerAuthData = authData[provider] || {};
    return !!Object.keys(providerAuthData).length;
  });
  if (canHandleAuthData || hasUsernameAndPassword || this.auth.isMaster || this.getUserId()) {
    return this.handleAuthData(authData);
  }
  throw new Parse.Error(
    Parse.Error.UNSUPPORTED_SERVICE,
    'This authentication method is unsupported.'
  );
};

RestWrite.prototype.filteredObjectsByACL = function (objects) {
  if (this.auth.isMaster || this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    return objects;
  }
  return objects.filter(object => {
    if (!object.ACL) {
      return true; // legacy users that have no ACL field on them
    }
    // Regular users that have been locked out.
    return object.ACL && Object.keys(object.ACL).length > 0;
  });
};

RestWrite.prototype.getUserId = function () {
  if (this.query && this.query.objectId && this.className === '_User') {
    return this.query.objectId;
  } else if (this.auth && this.auth.user && this.auth.user.id) {
    return this.auth.user.id;
  }
};

// Developers are allowed to change authData via before save trigger
RestWrite.prototype._throwIfAuthDataDuplicate = function (error) {
  if (
    this.className === '_User' &&
    error?.code === Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE &&
    error.userInfo?.duplicated_field?.startsWith('_auth_data_')
  ) {
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.ACCOUNT_ALREADY_LINKED, 'this auth is already used');
  }
};

// we need after before save to ensure that the developer
// is not currently duplicating auth data ID
RestWrite.prototype.ensureUniqueAuthDataId = async function () {
  if (this.className !== '_User' || !this.data.authData) {
    return;
  }

  const hasAuthDataId = Object.keys(this.data.authData).some(
    key => this.data.authData[key] && this.data.authData[key].id
  );

  if (!hasAuthDataId) { return; }

  const r = await Auth.findUsersWithAuthData(this.config, this.data.authData);
  const results = this.filteredObjectsByACL(r);
  if (results.length > 1) {
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.ACCOUNT_ALREADY_LINKED, 'this auth is already used');
  }
  // use data.objectId in case of login time and found user during handle validateAuthData
  const userId = this.getUserId() || this.data.objectId;
  if (results.length === 1 && userId !== results[0].objectId) {
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.ACCOUNT_ALREADY_LINKED, 'this auth is already used');
  }
};

RestWrite.prototype.handleAuthData = async function (authData) {
  let currentUserAuthData;
  if (this.query?.objectId) {
    const [currentUser] = await this.config.database.find(
      '_User',
      { objectId: this.query.objectId }
    );
    currentUserAuthData = currentUser?.authData;
  }
  const r = await Auth.findUsersWithAuthData(this.config, authData, true, currentUserAuthData);
  const results = this.filteredObjectsByACL(r);

  const userId = this.getUserId();
  const userResult = results[0];
  const foundUserIsNotCurrentUser = userId && userResult && userId !== userResult.objectId;

  if (results.length > 1 || foundUserIsNotCurrentUser) {
    // To avoid https://github.com/parse-community/parse-server/security/advisories/GHSA-8w3j-g983-8jh5
    // Let's run some validation before throwing
    await Auth.handleAuthDataValidation(authData, this, userResult);
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.ACCOUNT_ALREADY_LINKED, 'this auth is already used');
  }

  // No user found with provided authData we need to validate
  if (!results.length) {
    const { authData: validatedAuthData, authDataResponse } = await Auth.handleAuthDataValidation(
      authData,
      this
    );
    this.authDataResponse = authDataResponse;
    // Replace current authData by the new validated one
    this.data.authData = validatedAuthData;
    return;
  }

  // User found with provided authData
  if (results.length === 1) {
    this.storage.authProvider = Object.keys(authData).join(',');

    const { hasMutatedAuthData, mutatedAuthData } = Auth.hasMutatedAuthData(
      authData,
      userResult.authData
    );

    const isCurrentUserLoggedOrMaster =
      (this.auth && this.auth.user && this.auth.user.id === userResult.objectId) ||
      this.auth.isMaster;

    const isLogin = !userId;

    if (isLogin || isCurrentUserLoggedOrMaster) {
      // no user making the call
      // OR the user making the call is the right one
      // Login with auth data
      delete results[0].password;

      // need to set the objectId first otherwise location has trailing undefined
      this.data.objectId = userResult.objectId;

      if (!this.query || !this.query.objectId) {
        this.response = {
          response: userResult,
          location: this.location(),
        };
        // Run beforeLogin hook before storing any updates
        // to authData on the db; changes to userResult
        // will be ignored.
        await this.runBeforeLoginTrigger(structuredClone(userResult));

        // If we are in login operation via authData
        // we need to be sure that the user has provided
        // required authData
        Auth.checkIfUserHasProvidedConfiguredProvidersForLogin(
          { config: this.config, auth: this.auth },
          authData,
          userResult.authData,
          this.config
        );
      }

      // Prevent validating if no mutated data detected on update
      if (!hasMutatedAuthData && isCurrentUserLoggedOrMaster) {
        return;
      }

      // Always validate all provided authData on login to prevent authentication
      // bypass via partial authData (e.g. sending only the provider ID without
      // an access token); on update only validate mutated ones
      if (isLogin || hasMutatedAuthData || !this.config.allowExpiredAuthDataToken) {
        const res = await Auth.handleAuthDataValidation(
          isLogin ? authData : mutatedAuthData,
          this,
          userResult
        );
        this.data.authData = res.authData;
        this.authDataResponse = res.authDataResponse;
      }

      // Capture original authData before mutating userResult via the response reference
      const originalAuthData = userResult?.authData
        ? Object.fromEntries(
          Object.entries(userResult.authData).map(([k, v]) =>
            [k, v && typeof v === 'object' ? { ...v } : v]
          )
        )
        : undefined;

      // IF we are in login we'll skip the database operation / beforeSave / afterSave etc...
      // we need to set it up there.
      // We are supposed to have a response only on LOGIN with authData, so we skip those
      // If we're not logging in, but just updating the current user, we can safely skip that part
      if (this.response) {
        // Assign the new authData in the response
        Object.keys(mutatedAuthData).forEach(provider => {
          this.response.response.authData[provider] = mutatedAuthData[provider];
        });

        // Run the DB update directly, as 'master' only if authData contains some keys
        // authData could not contains keys after validation if the authAdapter
        // uses the `doNotSave` option. Just update the authData part
        // Then we're good for the user, early exit of sorts
        if (Object.keys(this.data.authData).length) {
          const query = { objectId: this.data.objectId };
          // Optimistic locking: include each changed original field in the WHERE clause
          // for providers whose data is being updated. This prevents concurrent requests
          // from both succeeding when consuming single-use tokens (e.g. MFA recovery codes
          // as arrays, or MFA SMS OTP tokens as strings).
          applyAuthDataOptimisticLock(query, originalAuthData, this.data.authData);
          try {
            await this.config.database.update(
              this.className,
              query,
              { authData: this.data.authData },
              {}
            );
          } catch (error) {
            if (error.code === Parse.Error.OBJECT_NOT_FOUND) {
              throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.SCRIPT_FAILED, 'Invalid auth data');
            }
            this._throwIfAuthDataDuplicate(error);
            throw error;
          }
        }
      } else if (this.query && this.data.authData && Object.keys(this.data.authData).length) {
        // UPDATE path (e.g. PUT /users/:id during linked-provider re-auth): apply
        // the same optimistic lock to the subsequent runDatabaseOperation update so
        // concurrent single-use token consumers cannot both succeed.
        applyAuthDataOptimisticLock(this.query, originalAuthData, this.data.authData);
      }
    }
  }
};

RestWrite.prototype.checkRestrictedFields = async function () {
  if (this.className !== '_User') {
    return;
  }

  if (!this.auth.isMaintenance && !this.auth.isMaster && 'emailVerified' in this.data) {
    throw createSanitizedError(
      Parse.Error.OPERATION_FORBIDDEN,
      "Clients aren't allowed to manually update email verification.",
      this.config
    );
  }
};

// Validates the create class-level permission before transformUser runs.
// This prevents user enumeration (username/email existence) when public
// create is disabled on _User, because transformUser checks uniqueness
// before the CLP is enforced in runDatabaseOperation.
RestWrite.prototype.validateCreatePermission = async function () {
  if (this.query || this.auth.isMaster || this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    return;
  }
  if (!this.validSchemaController) {
    return;
  }
  await this.validSchemaController.validatePermission(
    this.className,
    this.runOptions.acl || [],
    'create'
  );
};

// The non-third-party parts of User transformation
RestWrite.prototype.transformUser = async function () {
  var promise = Promise.resolve();
  if (this.className !== '_User') {
    return promise;
  }

  // Do not cleanup session if objectId is not set
  if (this.query && this.objectId()) {
    // If we're updating a _User object, we need to clear out the cache for that user. Find all their
    // session tokens, and remove them from the cache.
    const query = await RestQuery({
      method: RestQuery.Method.find,
      config: this.config,
      auth: Auth.master(this.config),
      className: '_Session',
      runBeforeFind: false,
      restWhere: {
        user: {
          __type: 'Pointer',
          className: '_User',
          objectId: this.objectId(),
        },
      },
    });
    promise = query.execute().then(results => {
      results.results.forEach(session =>
        this.config.cacheController.user.del(session.sessionToken)
      );
    });
  }

  return promise
    .then(() => {
      // Transform the password
      if (this.data.password === undefined) {
        // ignore only if undefined. should proceed if empty ('')
        return Promise.resolve();
      }

      if (this.query) {
        this.storage['clearSessions'] = true;
        // Generate a new session only if the user requested
        if (!this.auth.isMaster && !this.auth.isMaintenance) {
          this.storage['generateNewSession'] = true;
        }
      }

      return this._validatePasswordPolicy().then(() => {
        return passwordCrypto.hash(this.data.password).then(hashedPassword => {
          this.data._hashed_password = hashedPassword;
          delete this.data.password;
        });
      });
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this._validateUserName();
    })
    .then(() => {
      return this._validateEmail();
    });
};

RestWrite.prototype._validateUserName = function () {
  // Check for username uniqueness
  if (!this.data.username) {
    if (!this.query) {
      this.data.username = cryptoUtils.randomString(25);
      this.responseShouldHaveUsername = true;
    }
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
  /*
    Usernames should be unique when compared case insensitively

    Users should be able to make case sensitive usernames and
    login using the case they entered.  I.e. 'Snoopy' should preclude
    'snoopy' as a valid username.
  */
  return this.config.database
    .find(
      this.className,
      {
        username: this.data.username,
        objectId: { $ne: this.objectId() },
      },
      { limit: 1, caseInsensitive: true },
      {},
      this.validSchemaController
    )
    .then(results => {
      if (results.length > 0) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.USERNAME_TAKEN,
          'Account already exists for this username.'
        );
      }
      return;
    });
};

RestWrite.buildCreatedWith = function (action, authProvider) {
  return { action, authProvider: authProvider || 'password' };
};

RestWrite.prototype.getCreatedWith = function () {
  if (this.storage.createdWith) {
    return this.storage.createdWith;
  }
  const isCreateOperation = !this.query;
  const authDataProvider =
    this.data?.authData &&
    Object.keys(this.data.authData).length &&
    Object.keys(this.data.authData).join(',');
  const authProvider = this.storage.authProvider || authDataProvider;
  // storage.authProvider is only set for login (existing user found in handleAuthData)
  const action = this.storage.authProvider ? 'login' : isCreateOperation ? 'signup' : undefined;
  if (!action) {
    return;
  }
  const resolvedAuthProvider = authProvider || (action === 'signup' ? 'password' : undefined);
  this.storage.createdWith = RestWrite.buildCreatedWith(action, resolvedAuthProvider);
  return this.storage.createdWith;
};

/*
  As with usernames, Parse should not allow case insensitive collisions of email.
  unlike with usernames (which can have case insensitive collisions in the case of
  auth adapters), emails should never have a case insensitive collision.

  This behavior can be enforced through a properly configured index see:
  https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/core/index-case-insensitive/#create-a-case-insensitive-index
  which could be implemented instead of this code based validation.

  Given that this lookup should be a relatively low use case and that the case sensitive
  unique index will be used by the db for the query, this is an adequate solution.
*/
RestWrite.prototype._validateEmail = function () {
  if (!this.data.email || this.data.email.__op === 'Delete') {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
  // Validate basic email address format
  if (!this.data.email.match(/^.+@.+$/)) {
    return Promise.reject(
      new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_EMAIL_ADDRESS, 'Email address format is invalid.')
    );
  }
  // Case insensitive match, see note above function.
  return this.config.database
    .find(
      this.className,
      {
        email: this.data.email,
        objectId: { $ne: this.objectId() },
      },
      { limit: 1, caseInsensitive: true },
      {},
      this.validSchemaController
    )
    .then(results => {
      if (results.length > 0) {
        throw new Parse.Error(
          Parse.Error.EMAIL_TAKEN,
          'Account already exists for this email address.'
        );
      }
      if (
        !this.data.authData ||
        !Object.keys(this.data.authData).length ||
        (Object.keys(this.data.authData).length === 1 &&
          Object.keys(this.data.authData)[0] === 'anonymous')
      ) {
        // We updated the email, send a new validation
        const { originalObject, updatedObject } = this.buildParseObjects();
        const request = {
          original: originalObject,
          object: updatedObject,
          master: this.auth.isMaster,
          ip: this.config.ip,
          installationId: this.auth.installationId,
          createdWith: this.getCreatedWith(),
        };
        return this.config.userController.setEmailVerifyToken(this.data, request, this.storage);
      }
    });
};

RestWrite.prototype._validatePasswordPolicy = function () {
  if (!this.config.passwordPolicy) { return Promise.resolve(); }
  return this._validatePasswordRequirements().then(() => {
    return this._validatePasswordHistory();
  });
};

RestWrite.prototype._validatePasswordRequirements = function () {
  // check if the password conforms to the defined password policy if configured
  // If we specified a custom error in our configuration use it.
  // Example: "Passwords must include a Capital Letter, Lowercase Letter, and a number."
  //
  // This is especially useful on the generic "password reset" page,
  // as it allows the programmer to communicate specific requirements instead of:
  // a. making the user guess whats wrong
  // b. making a custom password reset page that shows the requirements
  const policyError = this.config.passwordPolicy.validationError
    ? this.config.passwordPolicy.validationError
    : 'Password does not meet the Password Policy requirements.';
  const containsUsernameError = 'Password cannot contain your username.';

  // check whether the password meets the password strength requirements
  if (
    (this.config.passwordPolicy.patternValidator &&
      !this.config.passwordPolicy.patternValidator(this.data.password)) ||
    (this.config.passwordPolicy.validatorCallback &&
      !this.config.passwordPolicy.validatorCallback(this.data.password))
  ) {
    return Promise.reject(new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.VALIDATION_ERROR, policyError));
  }

  // check whether password contain username
  if (this.config.passwordPolicy.doNotAllowUsername === true) {
    if (this.data.username) {
      // username is not passed during password reset
      if (this.data.password.indexOf(this.data.username) >= 0)
      { return Promise.reject(new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.VALIDATION_ERROR, containsUsernameError)); }
    } else {
      // retrieve the User object using objectId during password reset
      return this.config.database.find('_User', { objectId: this.objectId() }).then(results => {
        if (results.length != 1) {
          throw undefined;
        }
        if (this.data.password.indexOf(results[0].username) >= 0)
        { return Promise.reject(
          new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.VALIDATION_ERROR, containsUsernameError)
        ); }
        return Promise.resolve();
      });
    }
  }
  return Promise.resolve();
};

RestWrite.prototype._validatePasswordHistory = function () {
  // check whether password is repeating from specified history
  if (this.query && this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordHistory) {
    return this.config.database
      .find(
        '_User',
        { objectId: this.objectId() },
        { keys: ['_password_history', '_hashed_password'] },
        Auth.maintenance(this.config)
      )
      .then(results => {
        if (results.length != 1) {
          throw undefined;
        }
        const user = results[0];
        let oldPasswords = [];
        if (user._password_history)
        { oldPasswords = _.take(
          user._password_history,
          this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordHistory - 1
        ); }
        oldPasswords.push(user.password);
        const newPassword = this.data.password;
        // compare the new password hash with all old password hashes
        const promises = oldPasswords.map(function (hash) {
          return passwordCrypto.compare(newPassword, hash).then(result => {
            if (result)
            // reject if there is a match
            { return Promise.reject('REPEAT_PASSWORD'); }
            return Promise.resolve();
          });
        });
        // wait for all comparisons to complete
        return Promise.all(promises)
          .then(() => {
            return Promise.resolve();
          })
          .catch(err => {
            if (err === 'REPEAT_PASSWORD')
            // a match was found
            { return Promise.reject(
              new Parse.Error(
                Parse.Error.VALIDATION_ERROR,
                `New password should not be the same as last ${this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordHistory} passwords.`
              )
            ); }
            throw err;
          });
      });
  }
  return Promise.resolve();
};

RestWrite.prototype.createSessionTokenIfNeeded = async function () {
  if (this.className !== '_User') {
    return;
  }
  // Don't generate session for updating user (this.query is set) unless authData exists
  if (this.query && !this.data.authData) {
    return;
  }
  // Don't generate new sessionToken if linking via sessionToken
  if (this.auth.user && this.data.authData) {
    return;
  }
  // If sign-up call
  if (!this.storage.authProvider) {
    // Create request object for verification functions
    const { originalObject, updatedObject } = this.buildParseObjects();
    const request = {
      original: originalObject,
      object: updatedObject,
      master: this.auth.isMaster,
      ip: this.config.ip,
      installationId: this.auth.installationId,
      createdWith: this.getCreatedWith(),
    };
    // Get verification conditions which can be booleans or functions; the purpose of this async/await
    // structure is to avoid unnecessarily executing subsequent functions if previous ones fail in the
    // conditional statement below, as a developer may decide to execute expensive operations in them
    const verifyUserEmails = async () => this.config.verifyUserEmails === true || (typeof this.config.verifyUserEmails === 'function' && await Promise.resolve(this.config.verifyUserEmails(request)) === true);
    const preventLoginWithUnverifiedEmail = async () => this.config.preventLoginWithUnverifiedEmail === true || (typeof this.config.preventLoginWithUnverifiedEmail === 'function' && await Promise.resolve(this.config.preventLoginWithUnverifiedEmail(request)) === true);
    // If verification is required
    if (await verifyUserEmails() && await preventLoginWithUnverifiedEmail()) {
      this.storage.rejectSignup = true;
      return;
    }
  }
  return this.createSessionToken();
};

RestWrite.prototype.createSessionToken = async function () {
  // cloud installationId from Cloud Code,
  // never create session tokens from there.
  if (this.auth.installationId && this.auth.installationId === 'cloud') {
    return;
  }

  if (this.storage.authProvider == null && this.data.authData) {
    this.storage.authProvider = Object.keys(this.data.authData).join(',');
    // Invalidate cached createdWith since authProvider was just resolved
    delete this.storage.createdWith;
  }

  const createdWith = this.getCreatedWith();
  const { sessionData, createSession } = RestWrite.createSession(this.config, {
    userId: this.objectId(),
    createdWith,
    installationId: this.auth.installationId,
  });

  if (this.response && this.response.response) {
    this.response.response.sessionToken = sessionData.sessionToken;
  }

  return createSession();
};

RestWrite.createSession = function (
  config,
  { userId, createdWith, installationId, additionalSessionData }
) {
  const token = 'r:' + cryptoUtils.newToken();
  const expiresAt = config.generateSessionExpiresAt();
  const sessionData = {
    sessionToken: token,
    user: {
      __type: 'Pointer',
      className: '_User',
      objectId: userId,
    },
    createdWith,
    expiresAt: Parse._encode(expiresAt),
  };

  if (installationId) {
    sessionData.installationId = installationId;
  }

  Object.assign(sessionData, additionalSessionData);

  return {
    sessionData,
    createSession: () =>
      new RestWrite(config, Auth.master(config), '_Session', null, sessionData).execute(),
  };
};

// Delete email reset tokens if user is changing password or email.
RestWrite.prototype.deleteEmailResetTokenIfNeeded = function () {
  if (this.className !== '_User' || this.query === null) {
    // null query means create
    return;
  }

  if ('password' in this.data || 'email' in this.data) {
    const addOps = {
      _perishable_token: { __op: 'Delete' },
      _perishable_token_expires_at: { __op: 'Delete' },
    };
    this.data = Object.assign(this.data, addOps);
  }
};

RestWrite.prototype.destroyDuplicatedSessions = function () {
  // Only for _Session, and at creation time
  if (this.className != '_Session' || this.query) {
    return;
  }
  // Destroy the sessions in 'Background'
  const { user, installationId, sessionToken } = this.data;
  if (!user || !installationId) {
    return;
  }
  if (!user.objectId) {
    return;
  }
  return this.config.database.destroy(
    '_Session',
    {
      user,
      installationId,
      sessionToken: { $ne: sessionToken },
    },
    {},
    this.validSchemaController
  ).catch(e => {
    if (e.code !== Parse.Error.OBJECT_NOT_FOUND) {
      throw e;
    }
  });
};

// Handles any followup logic
RestWrite.prototype.handleFollowup = function () {
  if (this.storage && this.storage['clearSessions'] && this.config.revokeSessionOnPasswordReset) {
    var sessionQuery = {
      user: {
        __type: 'Pointer',
        className: '_User',
        objectId: this.objectId(),
      },
    };
    delete this.storage['clearSessions'];
    return this.config.database
      .destroy('_Session', sessionQuery)
      .then(this.handleFollowup.bind(this));
  }

  if (this.storage && this.storage['generateNewSession']) {
    delete this.storage['generateNewSession'];
    return this.createSessionToken().then(this.handleFollowup.bind(this));
  }

  if (this.storage && this.storage['sendVerificationEmail']) {
    delete this.storage['sendVerificationEmail'];
    // Fire and forget!
    this.config.userController.sendVerificationEmail(this.data, { auth: this.auth });
    return this.handleFollowup.bind(this);
  }
};

// Handles the _Session class specialness.
// Does nothing if this isn't an _Session object.
RestWrite.prototype.handleSession = function () {
  if (this.response || this.className !== '_Session') {
    return;
  }

  if (!this.auth.user && !this.auth.isMaster && !this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_SESSION_TOKEN, 'Session token required.');
  }

  // TODO: Verify proper error to throw
  if ('ACL' in this.data) {
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'Cannot set ' + 'ACL on a Session.');
  }

  if (this.query) {
    if ('user' in this.data && !this.auth.isMaster && this.data.user?.objectId !== this.auth.user.id) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'Invalid key name: user');
    } else if ('installationId' in this.data) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'Invalid key name: installationId');
    } else if ('sessionToken' in this.data) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'Invalid key name: sessionToken');
    } else if ('expiresAt' in this.data && !this.auth.isMaster && !this.auth.isMaintenance) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'Invalid key name: expiresAt');
    } else if ('createdWith' in this.data && !this.auth.isMaster && !this.auth.isMaintenance) {
      throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_KEY_NAME, 'Invalid key name: createdWith');
    }
    if (!this.auth.isMaster) {
      this.query = {
        $and: [
          this.query,
          {
            user: {
              __type: 'Pointer',
              className: '_User',
              objectId: this.auth.user.id,
            },
          },
        ],
      };
    }
  }

  if (!this.query && !this.auth.isMaster && !this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    const additionalSessionData = {};
    for (var key in this.data) {
      if (key === 'objectId' || key === 'user' || key === 'sessionToken' || key === 'expiresAt' || key === 'createdWith') {
        continue;
      }
      additionalSessionData[key] = this.data[key];
    }

    const { sessionData, createSession } = RestWrite.createSession(this.config, {
      userId: this.auth.user.id,
      createdWith: {
        action: 'create',
      },
      additionalSessionData,
    });

    return createSession().then(results => {
      if (!results.response) {
        throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, 'Error creating session.');
      }
      sessionData['objectId'] = results.response['objectId'];
      this.response = {
        status: 201,
        location: results.location,
        response: sessionData,
      };
    });
  }
};

// Handles the _Installation class specialness.
// Does nothing if this isn't an installation object.
// If an installation is found, this can mutate this.query and turn a create
// into an update.
// Returns a promise for when we're done if it can't finish this tick.
RestWrite.prototype.handleInstallation = function () {
  if (this.response || this.className !== '_Installation') {
    return;
  }

  if (
    !this.query &&
    !this.data.deviceToken &&
    !this.data.installationId &&
    !this.auth.installationId
  ) {
    throw new Parse.Error(
      135,
      'at least one ID field (deviceToken, installationId) ' + 'must be specified in this operation'
    );
  }

  // If the device token is 64 characters long, we assume it is for iOS
  // and lowercase it.
  if (this.data.deviceToken && this.data.deviceToken.length == 64) {
    this.data.deviceToken = this.data.deviceToken.toLowerCase();
  }

  // We lowercase the installationId if present
  if (this.data.installationId) {
    this.data.installationId = this.data.installationId.toLowerCase();
  }

  let installationId = this.data.installationId;

  // If data.installationId is not set and we're not master, we can lookup in auth
  if (!installationId && !this.auth.isMaster && !this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    installationId = this.auth.installationId;
  }

  if (installationId) {
    installationId = installationId.toLowerCase();
  }

  // Updating _Installation but not updating anything critical
  if (this.query && !this.data.deviceToken && !installationId && !this.data.deviceType) {
    return;
  }

  var promise = Promise.resolve();

  var idMatch; // Will be a match on either objectId or installationId
  var objectIdMatch;
  var installationIdMatch;
  var deviceTokenMatches = [];

  // Instead of issuing 3 reads, let's do it with one OR.
  const orQueries = [];
  if (this.query && this.query.objectId) {
    orQueries.push({
      objectId: this.query.objectId,
    });
  }
  if (installationId) {
    orQueries.push({
      installationId: installationId,
    });
  }
  if (this.data.deviceToken) {
    orQueries.push({ deviceToken: this.data.deviceToken });
  }

  if (orQueries.length == 0) {
    return;
  }

  promise = promise
    .then(() => {
      return this.config.database.find(
        '_Installation',
        {
          $or: orQueries,
        },
        {}
      );
    })
    .then(results => {
      results.forEach(result => {
        if (this.query && this.query.objectId && result.objectId == this.query.objectId) {
          objectIdMatch = result;
        }
        if (result.installationId == installationId) {
          installationIdMatch = result;
        }
        if (result.deviceToken == this.data.deviceToken) {
          deviceTokenMatches.push(result);
        }
      });

      // Sanity checks when running a query
      if (this.query && this.query.objectId) {
        if (!objectIdMatch) {
          throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.OBJECT_NOT_FOUND, 'Object not found for update.');
        }
        if (
          this.data.installationId &&
          objectIdMatch.installationId &&
          this.data.installationId !== objectIdMatch.installationId
        ) {
          throw new Parse.Error(136, 'installationId may not be changed in this ' + 'operation');
        }
        if (
          this.data.deviceToken &&
          objectIdMatch.deviceToken &&
          this.data.deviceToken !== objectIdMatch.deviceToken &&
          !this.data.installationId &&
          !objectIdMatch.installationId
        ) {
          throw new Parse.Error(136, 'deviceToken may not be changed in this ' + 'operation');
        }
        if (
          this.data.deviceType &&
          this.data.deviceType &&
          this.data.deviceType !== objectIdMatch.deviceType
        ) {
          throw new Parse.Error(136, 'deviceType may not be changed in this ' + 'operation');
        }
      }

      if (this.query && this.query.objectId && objectIdMatch) {
        idMatch = objectIdMatch;
      }

      if (installationId && installationIdMatch) {
        idMatch = installationIdMatch;
      }
      // need to specify deviceType only if it's new
      if (!this.query && !this.data.deviceType && !idMatch) {
        throw new Parse.Error(135, 'deviceType must be specified in this operation');
      }
    })
    .then(() => {
      if (!idMatch) {
        if (!deviceTokenMatches.length) {
          return;
        } else if (
          deviceTokenMatches.length == 1 &&
          (!deviceTokenMatches[0]['installationId'] || !installationId)
        ) {
          // Single match on device token but none on installationId, and either
          // the passed object or the match is missing an installationId, so we
          // can just return the match.
          return deviceTokenMatches[0]['objectId'];
        } else if (!this.data.installationId) {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            132,
            'Must specify installationId when deviceToken ' +
              'matches multiple Installation objects'
          );
        } else {
          // Multiple device token matches and we specified an installation ID,
          // or a single match where both the passed and matching objects have
          // an installation ID. Clean out other installations that match the
          // deviceToken, and return nil to signal that a new object should be
          // created.
          const delQuery = {
            deviceToken: this.data.deviceToken,
            installationId: {
              $ne: installationId,
            },
          };
          if (this.data.appIdentifier) {
            delQuery['appIdentifier'] = this.data.appIdentifier;
          }
          const installationOpts = this.config.installation || {};
          return InstallationDedup.removeConflictingDeviceToken({
            database: this.config.database,
            query: delQuery,
            action: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenAction || 'delete',
            enforceAuth: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenActionEnforceAuth === true,
            runOptions: this.runOptions,
            validSchemaController: this.validSchemaController,
          });
        }
      } else {
        if (deviceTokenMatches.length == 1 && !deviceTokenMatches[0]['installationId']) {
          // Exactly one device token match and it doesn't have an installation
          // ID. The two rows represent the same install; resolve the merge per
          // the configured options.
          const installationOpts = this.config.installation || {};
          return InstallationDedup.applyDuplicateDeviceTokenMerge({
            database: this.config.database,
            idMatch,
            deviceTokenMatch: deviceTokenMatches[0],
            action: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenAction || 'delete',
            mergePriority: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenMergePriority || 'deviceToken',
            enforceAuth: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenActionEnforceAuth === true,
            runOptions: this.runOptions,
            validSchemaController: this.validSchemaController,
          });
        } else {
          if (this.data.deviceToken && idMatch.deviceToken != this.data.deviceToken) {
            // We're setting the device token on an existing installation, so
            // we should try cleaning out old installations that match this
            // device token.
            const delQuery = {
              deviceToken: this.data.deviceToken,
            };
            // We have a unique install Id, use that to preserve
            // the interesting installation
            if (this.data.installationId) {
              delQuery['installationId'] = {
                $ne: this.data.installationId,
              };
            } else if (
              idMatch.objectId &&
              this.data.objectId &&
              idMatch.objectId == this.data.objectId
            ) {
              // we passed an objectId, preserve that instalation
              delQuery['objectId'] = {
                $ne: idMatch.objectId,
              };
            } else {
              // What to do here? can't really clean up everything...
              return idMatch.objectId;
            }
            if (this.data.appIdentifier) {
              delQuery['appIdentifier'] = this.data.appIdentifier;
            }
            const installationOpts = this.config.installation || {};
            return InstallationDedup.removeConflictingDeviceToken({
              database: this.config.database,
              query: delQuery,
              action: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenAction || 'delete',
              enforceAuth: installationOpts.duplicateDeviceTokenActionEnforceAuth === true,
              runOptions: this.runOptions,
              validSchemaController: this.validSchemaController,
            }).then(() => idMatch.objectId);
          }
          // In non-merge scenarios, just return the installation match id
          return idMatch.objectId;
        }
      }
    })
    .then(objId => {
      if (objId) {
        this.query = { objectId: objId };
        delete this.data.objectId;
        delete this.data.createdAt;
      }
      // TODO: Validate ops (add/remove on channels, $inc on badge, etc.)
    });
  return promise;
};

// If we short-circuited the object response - then we need to make sure we expand all the files,
// since this might not have a query, meaning it won't return the full result back.
// TODO: (nlutsenko) This should die when we move to per-class based controllers on _Session/_User
RestWrite.prototype.expandFilesForExistingObjects = async function () {
  // Check whether we have a short-circuited response - only then run expansion.
  if (this.response && this.response.response) {
    await this.config.filesController.expandFilesInObject(this.config, this.response.response);
  }
};

RestWrite.prototype.runDatabaseOperation = function () {
  if (this.response) {
    return;
  }

  if (this.className === '_Role') {
    this.config.cacheController.role.clear();
    if (this.config.liveQueryController) {
      this.config.liveQueryController.clearCachedRoles(this.auth.user);
    }
  }

  if (this.className === '_User' && this.query && this.auth.isUnauthenticated()) {
    throw createSanitizedError(
      Parse.Error.SESSION_MISSING,
      `Cannot modify user ${this.query.objectId}.`,
      this.config
    );
  }

  if (this.className === '_Product' && this.data.download) {
    this.data.downloadName = this.data.download.name;
  }

  // TODO: Add better detection for ACL, ensuring a user can't be locked from
  //       their own user record.
  if (this.data.ACL && this.data.ACL['*unresolved']) {
    throw new Parse.Error(Parse.Error.INVALID_ACL, 'Invalid ACL.');
  }

  if (this.query) {
    // Force the user to not lockout
    // Matched with parse.com
    if (
      this.className === '_User' &&
      this.data.ACL &&
      this.auth.isMaster !== true &&
      this.auth.isMaintenance !== true
    ) {
      this.data.ACL[this.query.objectId] = { read: true, write: true };
    }
    // update password timestamp if user password is being changed
    if (
      this.className === '_User' &&
      this.data._hashed_password &&
      this.config.passwordPolicy &&
      this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordAge
    ) {
      this.data._password_changed_at = Parse._encode(new Date());
    }
    // Ignore createdAt when update
    delete this.data.createdAt;

    let defer = Promise.resolve();
    // if password history is enabled then save the current password to history
    if (
      this.className === '_User' &&
      this.data._hashed_password &&
      this.config.passwordPolicy &&
      this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordHistory
    ) {
      defer = this.config.database
        .find(
          '_User',
          { objectId: this.objectId() },
          { keys: ['_password_history', '_hashed_password'] },
          Auth.maintenance(this.config)
        )
        .then(results => {
          if (results.length != 1) {
            throw undefined;
          }
          const user = results[0];
          let oldPasswords = [];
          if (user._password_history) {
            oldPasswords = _.take(
              user._password_history,
              this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordHistory
            );
          }
          //n-1 passwords go into history including last password
          while (
            oldPasswords.length > Math.max(0, this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordHistory - 2)
          ) {
            oldPasswords.shift();
          }
          oldPasswords.push(user.password);
          this.data._password_history = oldPasswords;
        });
    }

    return defer.then(() => {
      // Run an update
      return this.config.database
        .update(
          this.className,
          this.query,
          this.data,
          this.runOptions,
          false,
          false,
          this.validSchemaController
        )
        .catch(error => {
          this._throwIfAuthDataDuplicate(error);
          throw error;
        })
        .then(response => {
          response.updatedAt = this.updatedAt;
          this._updateResponseWithData(response, this.data);
          this.response = { response };
        });
    });
  } else {
    // Set the default ACL and password timestamp for the new _User
    if (this.className === '_User') {
      var ACL = this.data.ACL;
      // default public r/w ACL
      if (!ACL) {
        ACL = {};
        if (!this.config.enforcePrivateUsers) {
          ACL['*'] = { read: true, write: false };
        }
      }
      // make sure the user is not locked down
      ACL[this.data.objectId] = { read: true, write: true };
      this.data.ACL = ACL;
      // password timestamp to be used when password expiry policy is enforced
      if (this.config.passwordPolicy && this.config.passwordPolicy.maxPasswordAge) {
        this.data._password_changed_at = Parse._encode(new Date());
      }
    }

    // Run a create
    return this.config.database
      .create(this.className, this.data, this.runOptions, false, this.validSchemaController)
      .catch(error => {
        if (this.className !== '_User' || error.code !== Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE) {
          throw error;
        }

        this._throwIfAuthDataDuplicate(error);

        // Quick check, if we were able to infer the duplicated field name
        if (error && error.userInfo && error.userInfo.duplicated_field === 'username') {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.USERNAME_TAKEN,
            'Account already exists for this username.'
          );
        }

        if (error && error.userInfo && error.userInfo.duplicated_field === 'email') {
          throw new Parse.Error(
            Parse.Error.EMAIL_TAKEN,
            'Account already exists for this email address.'
          );
        }

        // If this was a failed user creation due to username or email already taken, we need to
        // check whether it was username or email and return the appropriate error.
        // Fallback to the original method
        // TODO: See if we can later do this without additional queries by using named indexes.
        return this.config.database
          .find(
            this.className,
            {
              username: this.data.username,
              objectId: { $ne: this.objectId() },
            },
            { limit: 1 }
          )
          .then(results => {
            if (results.length > 0) {
              throw new Parse.Error(
                Parse.Error.USERNAME_TAKEN,
                'Account already exists for this username.'
              );
            }
            return this.config.database.find(
              this.className,
              { email: this.data.email, objectId: { $ne: this.objectId() } },
              { limit: 1 }
            );
          })
          .then(results => {
            if (results.length > 0) {
              throw new Parse.Error(
                Parse.Error.EMAIL_TAKEN,
                'Account already exists for this email address.'
              );
            }
            throw new Parse.Error(
              Parse.Error.DUPLICATE_VALUE,
              'A duplicate value for a field with unique values was provided'
            );
          });
      })
      .then(response => {
        response.objectId = this.data.objectId;
        response.createdAt = this.data.createdAt;

        if (this.responseShouldHaveUsername) {
          response.username = this.data.username;
        }
        this._updateResponseWithData(response, this.data);
        this.response = {
          status: 201,
          response,
          location: this.location(),
        };
      });
  }
};

// Returns nothing - doesn't wait for the trigger.
RestWrite.prototype.runAfterSaveTrigger = function () {
  if (!this.response || !this.response.response || this.runOptions.many) {
    return;
  }

  // Avoid doing any setup for triggers if there is no 'afterSave' trigger for this class.
  const hasAfterSaveHook = triggers.triggerExists(
    this.className,
    triggers.Types.afterSave,
    this.config.applicationId
  );
  const hasLiveQuery = this.config.liveQueryController.hasLiveQuery(this.className);
  if (!hasAfterSaveHook && !hasLiveQuery) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }

  const { originalObject, updatedObject } = this.buildParseObjects();
  updatedObject._handleSaveResponse(this.response.response, this.response.status || 200);

  if (hasLiveQuery) {
    this.config.database.loadSchema().then(schemaController => {
      // Notify LiveQueryServer if possible
      const perms = schemaController.getClassLevelPermissions(updatedObject.className);
      this.config.liveQueryController.onAfterSave(
        updatedObject.className,
        updatedObject,
        originalObject,
        perms
      );
    });
  }
  if (!hasAfterSaveHook) {
    return Promise.resolve();
  }
  // Run afterSave trigger
  return triggers
    .maybeRunTrigger(
      triggers.Types.afterSave,
      this.auth,
      updatedObject,
      originalObject,
      this.config,
      this.context
    )
    .then(result => {
      const jsonReturned = result && !result._toFullJSON;
      if (jsonReturned) {
        this.pendingOps.operations = {};
        this.response.response = result;
      } else {
        this.response.response = this._updateResponseWithData(
          (result || updatedObject).toJSON(),
          this.data
        );
      }
    })
    .catch(function (err) {
      logger.warn('afterSave caught an error', err);
    });
};

// A helper to figure out what location this operation happens at.
RestWrite.prototype.location = function () {
  var middle = this.className === '_User' ? '/users/' : '/classes/' + this.className + '/';
  const mount = this.config.mount || this.config.serverURL;
  return mount + middle + this.data.objectId;
};

// A helper to get the object id for this operation.
// Because it could be either on the query or on the data
RestWrite.prototype.objectId = function () {
  return this.data.objectId || this.query.objectId;
};

// Returns a copy of the data and delete bad keys (_auth_data, _hashed_password...)
RestWrite.prototype.sanitizedData = function () {
  const data = Object.keys(this.data).reduce((data, key) => {
    // Regexp comes from Parse.Object.prototype.validate
    if (!/^[A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z_]*$/.test(key)) {
      delete data[key];
    }
    return data;
  }, structuredClone(this.data));
  return Parse._decode(undefined, data);
};

// Returns an updated copy of the object
RestWrite.prototype.buildParseObjects = function () {
  const extraData = { className: this.className, objectId: this.query?.objectId };
  let originalObject;
  if (this.query && this.query.objectId) {
    originalObject = triggers.inflate(extraData, this.originalData);
  }

  const className = Parse.Object.fromJSON(extraData);
  const readOnlyAttributes = className.constructor.readOnlyAttributes
    ? className.constructor.readOnlyAttributes()
    : [];

  // For _Role class, 'name' cannot be set after the role has an objectId.
  // In afterSave context, _handleSaveResponse has already set the objectId,
  // so we treat 'name' as read-only to avoid Parse SDK validation errors.
  const isRoleAfterSave = this.className === '_Role' && this.response && !this.query;
  if (isRoleAfterSave && this.data.name && !readOnlyAttributes.includes('name')) {
    readOnlyAttributes.push('name');
  }
  if (!this.originalData) {
    for (const attribute of readOnlyAttributes) {
      extraData[attribute] = this.data[attribute];
    }
  }
  const updatedObject = triggers.inflate(extraData, this.originalData);
  Object.keys(this.data).reduce(function (data, key) {
    if (key.indexOf('.') > 0) {
      if (typeof data[key].__op === 'string') {
        if (!readOnlyAttributes.includes(key)) {
          updatedObject.set(key, data[key]);
        }
      } else {
        // subdocument key with dot notation { 'x.y': v } => { 'x': { 'y' : v } })
        const splittedKey = key.split('.');
        const parentProp = splittedKey[0];
        let parentVal = updatedObject.get(parentProp);
        if (typeof parentVal !== 'object') {
          parentVal = {};
        }
        parentVal[splittedKey[1]] = data[key];
        updatedObject.set(parentProp, parentVal);
      }
      delete data[key];
    }
    return data;
  }, structuredClone(this.data));

  const sanitized = this.sanitizedData();
  for (const attribute of readOnlyAttributes) {
    delete sanitized[attribute];
  }
  updatedObject.set(sanitized);
  return { updatedObject, originalObject };
};

RestWrite.prototype.cleanUserAuthData = function () {
  if (this.response && this.response.response && this.className === '_User') {
    const user = this.response.response;
    if (user.authData) {
      Object.keys(user.authData).forEach(provider => {
        if (user.authData[provider] === null) {
          delete user.authData[provider];
        }
      });
      if (Object.keys(user.authData).length == 0) {
        delete user.authData;
      }
    }
  }
};

// Strips protected fields from the write response when protectedFieldsSaveResponseExempt is false.
RestWrite.prototype.filterProtectedFieldsInResponse = async function () {
  if (this.config.protectedFieldsSaveResponseExempt !== false) {
    return;
  }
  if (this.auth.isMaster || this.auth.isMaintenance) {
    return;
  }
  if (!this.response || !this.response.response) {
    return;
  }
  const schemaController = await this.config.database.loadSchema();
  const protectedFields = this.config.database.addProtectedFields(
    schemaController,
    this.className,
    this.query ? { objectId: this.query.objectId } : {},
    this.auth.user ? [this.auth.user.id].concat(this.auth.userRoles || []) : [],
    this.auth,
    {}
  );
  if (!protectedFields) {
    return;
  }
  for (const field of protectedFields) {
    delete this.response.response[field];
  }
};

RestWrite.prototype._updateResponseWithData = function (response, data) {
  const stateController = Parse.CoreManager.getObjectStateController();
  const [pending] = stateController.getPendingOps(this.pendingOps.identifier);
  for (const key in this.pendingOps.operations) {
    if (!pending[key]) {
      data[key] = this.originalData ? this.originalData[key] : { __op: 'Delete' };
      this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger.push(key);
    }
  }
  const skipKeys = [...(requiredColumns.read[this.className] || [])];
  if (!this.query) {
    skipKeys.push('objectId', 'createdAt');
  } else {
    skipKeys.push('updatedAt');
    delete response.objectId;
  }
  for (const key in response) {
    if (skipKeys.includes(key)) {
      continue;
    }
    const value = response[key];
    if (
      value == null ||
      (value.__type && value.__type === 'Pointer') ||
      util.isDeepStrictEqual(data[key], value) ||
      util.isDeepStrictEqual((this.originalData || {})[key], value)
    ) {
      delete response[key];
    }
  }
  if (_.isEmpty(this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger)) {
    return response;
  }
  const clientSupportsDelete = ClientSDK.supportsForwardDelete(this.clientSDK);
  this.storage.fieldsChangedByTrigger.forEach(fieldName => {
    const dataValue = data[fieldName];

    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(response, fieldName)) {
      response[fieldName] = dataValue;
    }

    // Strips operations from responses
    if (response[fieldName] && response[fieldName].__op) {
      delete response[fieldName];
      if (clientSupportsDelete && dataValue.__op == 'Delete') {
        response[fieldName] = dataValue;
      }
    }
  });
  return response;
};

export default RestWrite;
module.exports = RestWrite;